(c) The different tessellation meshworks usable for 2D wireframe objects. From left to right: A sphere, a nicked toroid, a rod, a helix, a waving stickman, a bottle, and a Stanford bunny. ii: Corresponding models with scaffold routing. (b) Models of various, increasingly complex DNA nanostructures created with vHelix. By exporting, synthesizing, and folding the used strands, the target shape can be formed from DNA. v: A sequence is applied to the scaffold and complementary staple strands are generated for folding the structure into a desired shape. iv: A single-stranded DNA scaffold is systematically routed throughout the mesh by a routing algorithm. iii: The solution for optimal (A-trail) routing may require passing the route through a minimal number of edges twice. ii: The triangular meshwork forms a Eulerian circuit of edges connected by vertices. (a) Scaffold routing and sequence design for a scaffolded object with spherical topology. (a-b) Semi-automated DNA rendering of polyhedral meshes and (c-d) flat sheet meshing using vHelix. Copyright The American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2013. (f) 3D wireframe Archimedean solid structures: a cuboctahedron and a snub cube with 24 vertices and 60 edges. i: a star-shaped pattern, ii: a Penrose tiling, iii: an eight-fold quasi-crystalline pattern, iv: a wavy grid, v: a circle array, vi: a fishnet, vii: a flower-and-bird pattern. (e) Intricate 2D patterns with multi-arm junctions. iv,vi: typical staple strands routing examples. iii,v: helical and line model of a four-arm junction with red segments representing additional poly-T for angle adjustment. 'loop' and 'bridge' the segments into a continuous scaffold. connect the lines that meet at vertices and 3. i: an arbitrary wireframe pattern composed of line segments (grey) and vertices (blue), ii: routing of the scaffold in 3 steps: 1. (d) Design principles of multi-arm junction structures. i: S-shaped structure, ii: a sphere, iii: a screw. (b) i: Possible connection points and directions for additional layers on a double-layer gridiron lattice, ii: angle calculation for a non-perpendicular lattice structure, iii: intertwining gridiron planes, iv: a three-layer hexagonal gridiron design, v: a four-layer gridiron design, vi: a 3D gridiron by intertwining planes. rotation at corners to close the scaffold loop.vi: the zigzag pattern of scaffold and 90 v: scaffold directions in a simple 2D gridiron. iii and iv: helical models illustrating a complete gridiron unit. clockwise (blue arrows) to allow a gridiron unit formation.in-plane with respect to the lower two.
Note that the upper two junctions are rotated 180 (a) i: Relaxed conformations of different four-arm junctions. (a-c) DNA gridiron and (d-f) DNA origami with multi-arm junction vertices. We believe that by combining cost-effective biotechnological mass production of DNA strands with top-down processes that decrease human input in the design procedure to minimum, this progress will lead us to a new era of DNA nanotechnology with potential applications coming increasingly into view. Overall, the remarkable evolution in wireframe DNA structure design methods has not only induced an increase in their complexity and thus expanded the prevalent shape space, but also already reached a state at which the whole design process of a chosen shape can be carried out automatically.
In addition, we describe each available technique and the possible shapes that can be generated. In this focused review, we discuss the recent development of wireframe DNA nanostructures-methods relying on meshing and rendering DNA-that may overcome these obstacles. Third, the technique does not support trouble-free fabrication of hollow single-layer structures that may have more favorable features and properties compared to objects with closely packed helices, especially in biological research such as drug delivery. Second, the long scaffold strand that runs through the entire structure has to be manually routed. First, the designs are limited to certain lattice types. Albeit relatively straightforward to implement, this approach contains its own apparent restrictions. Most commonly, researchers are employing a scaffolded DNA origami technique by “sculpting” a desired shape from a given lattice composed of packed adjacent DNA helices.
Structural DNA nanotechnology has recently gained significant momentum, as diverse design tools for producing custom DNA shapes have become more and more accessible to numerous laboratories worldwide.
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